Serious shortcomings in Stalinist system

 Stalin Stalinist system
Guo Chunsheng
system is synonymous with the Soviet socialist model, the existence of socialism in the Soviet Union for 74 years, the Stalinist system plays a very important position. This system is how to form, it is a very worth studying.
(a) of the Stalinist system of the Historical Background
Stalinist system was officially formed in the mid-20th century, 30, this system was the formation of complex domestic and international background has a close relationship .
into the twentieth century, the international contradictions of capitalism is complex and intense, this contradiction of the First World War is not adjustable and the product. War is a means of conflict resolution, but also bred and manufacturing the more complex conflicts. World War I not only failed to solve the contradiction between the capitalist countries, and with the 1917 victory of socialist revolution, there was the socialist countries and the contradictions between the capitalist countries. This makes international conflicts after World War I, more acute, the international situation even more complicated.
m of Versailles after World War Germany and Austria and other Washington system is a punitive system defeated, war damage and severe punishment so defeated economic slump, people's living encounter serious difficulties. This is the inevitable culture in these countries sentiment of vengeance, to militarism and the growth of Nazi fascism provided the soil. to Italy, Germany, Hitler and Mussolini regime fascism, represented not only directed at the victors of World War I England and France, and the name of anti-communist and anti-socialist under the banner of the socialist Soviet Union pose a huge threat.
the first after the establishment of the socialist regime in Russia Western capitalist countries besieged them immediately so that the socialist countries and the contradictions between the capitalist countries as an important international political conflicts. to two, thirties, although the Western capitalist countries have recognized the Soviet regime , but they are far from the regime's hatred of digestion, do everything possible to its political and economic blockade; from the Soviet side, the new regime from birth that day to hold opposing attitudes of capitalism, it's right out of the Allied Group German war, does not recognize the Czar of Russia's external debt, the confiscation of the property of Western countries such as Russia, which greatly intensified the Soviet Russia and the Western capitalist countries resolve their conflicts. After this, communication in and the process of capitalist countries, the Soviet Union has also been wary of heavy, will guard against subversion and sabotage by Western countries as the top priority activities.
into the 30's, the international conflict is intense up, the rise of fascism in Washington to break the system established by Versailles m fragile international balance. the face of the arrogance of fascism, Britain, France and other countries and the troubles Tungyin appeasement strategy, trying to fascism in Germany and the socialist Soviet Union in a lose-lose battle, to kill two birds with purpose. the situation in the face of danger, the Soviet Union leaders are very worried, Stalin said: beyond doubt. Therefore, the party had to spur the country forward, so as not to miss the opportunity, and to make full use of respite time to build up the basis of industrialization in the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union, strong and prosperous basis. the party can not wait and deal with, it should maintain the highest speed the policy. and the successful establishment of the Eastern front, to avoid premature war with Germany. However, this treaty also condoned the arrogance of fascism.
from the domestic side, the Russian political culture, political system characteristics of the Soviet Union form a far-reaching historical influence. in Russian history, and its access to the major capitalist countries than in Western Europe much later, just after the reform of serfdom in 1861, have greater development of Russian capitalism. to the early 20th century, Russia with the other major capitalist countries, entered the stage of imperialism, but, as Lenin said, feudal remnants. until the First World War until the development of capitalism in Russia is still very inadequate, it is still a backward agricultural country, 80% of the population is concentrated in rural areas; in the technical and financial aspects of industrial production, Russia is a serious dependence on the Western capitalist countries. It is because of the weak development of capitalism in Russia, making the feudal historical and cultural traditions are deeply rooted influence in Russia. In many historical and cultural traditions, the tsarist autocracy can be described as far-reaching. Tsarist autocracy in Russia system has a long history, is in the fight against foreign domination and the gradual formation of national unity, when Peter the developed to the highest level. This system concentrated expression of the power is highly concentrated in the hands of the Tsar, the Tsar is the center of the political rule. Tsarist autocracy the feudal serfdom system and combine to form a typical and far-reaching historical and cultural traditions. with this traditional links, the formation of the Tsar worship, external expansion, Greater Russia, and the village community in the possession of the economy as the main form feudal patriarchal economic system. October Revolution was violent social revolution, its old form of social relations has hit to break the inertia of the historical development of Russia, Russia's historical development and thus make a fundamental change in direction. Lenin led The Bolsheviks created a dictatorship of the proletariat of the Soviet state, which is a new type of socialist countries, in essence, different from the previous feudal despotism. But history is continuous, is not severed, however violent social Revolution can not suddenly cut off a country's historical tradition, after the revolution in the storm-like, historical and cultural traditions of the strong inertia will be shown gradually, and play a strong impact. In the history of the Russian tradition, the Stalin's regime vast, and the lack of natural defensive barrier, so that in the cold weapons, no natural barriers to geographical features of Russia highly vulnerable to attacks from nearby enemies, including two from Asia and Europe, the direction of the enemy's intrusion, no matter what political rule, should the battle against foreign enemies and external position on the most important, so the Russian history and the war with the endless crusade .13 linked century, Russians fell into the brutal Mongol rule, national division , alien oppression heavy. to end the ethnic separatist separatist overthrow foreign domination, the Russian people generally want to create a strong centralized state, hoping to appear hero, the emergence of a strong, able to lead the people against a foreign enemy ruler. Thus, in the formed among the people and the totalitarian system of imperial worship of the historical and cultural tradition.
Russia's authoritarian regime from Mongol rule in the absorption of available elements, forming a unique feature of the tsarist autocracy. czar centralization and authoritarian system is established, it and the vast territory of Russia, backward culture, the natural conditions and other factors the cold tightly together, the long-term continuation passed down through generations, during which has witnessed wars and political strife and crises and challenges of farmers, but never received the autocratic nature of doubt, even aristocratic monarchy monarchy and hierarchy have never changed the nature of tyranny. until the 19th century, the Tsarist autocracy in Russia only by a small intellectual challenge. and the Czar entrenched authoritarian system, linked to, in Russia's political consciousness and cultural traditions, democratic ideas did not survive. we all know, Europe is the birthplace of democracy, and Russia's political and economic centers in Europe, but Russia has been community is far from the impact of European democracy, the Renaissance and the Enlightenment idea that cultural liberation movement, the influence of Russia can be described as minimal, humanistic ideas of the Russian society is so strange, the Enlightenment in Europe can be described as spectacular, but in Russia, the European border country, has become Queen Catherine II of the game, she will surface as a bedside book Diderot's writings, will dress up as an admirer of the Enlightenment thinkers, In the action has greatly strengthened serfdom, when she traveled to the court of Diderot, the two were soon quarreling. visible ruler Tsar of Russia and the Enlightenment is so out of tune. top rulers refused the Enlightenment, and there was almost no real Russian intelligentsia and the rest is the bottom of the serfs had. Therefore, the Enlightenment thought in Russia is no social support, it is even more what can not be formed in Russia affected. just After entering the 19th century, before the formation of Russian intellectuals in the power of social enlightenment, these intellectuals have inherited their predecessors Raj Stanishev aristocratic intellectual tradition of autocratic system of serfdom system in particular attack. representatives of these thinkers have Belinsky, Tuo Dostoevsky and so on. However, the 19th-century Russian thought and culture of the Enlightenment is limited, at best affect only a part of it is located in the elite intellectuals, because the whole Russian society at that time backwardness, ignorance and social status in the majority of the members (according to statistics, until the eve of the October Revolution, the Russian population still illiterate 3 / 4), so the impact of the Enlightenment in Russia is also far not deep, and therefore there is no general social awakening .1861 abolition of serfdom, but still autocratic Tsar. It was not until the 1905 Revolution, the Russian tsarist autocracy really under attack, the establishment of the State Duma to the constitutional monarchy is undoubtedly an important step in changing, but the great power of the Tsar , the cultural impact of the tsarist autocracy and the psychological impact is still far-reaching.
Russia's tsarist autocracy and serfdom in addition to the combination, but also with a distinct feature of foreign expansion. After centuries of expansion, Russia has indulge in a corner of the small country in Eastern Europe to become a change across the two continents of Europe and empire, especially to the modern times, Russia in Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East rapidly expanded to become the world's biggest country land area. the Russian empire that expansion of species characteristic of the Stalinist system also has an important historical influence.
serfdom system of village farmers under the Stalin regime formation also have important implications.
peasant village is formed by the times of feudal serfdom. Village No free society freedom of movement of farmers, landowners of the land they farm, belonging to the village community can be free use of public rangelands and forests. For the feudal rulers, the village is to control people's tools; feudal farmers, although the village is the yoke of their bondage, but they rely heavily on the collective village, for here not only have their blood family, there can be free to enjoy the various benefits, such as public pasture, water and so on. In village where there are mutual aid tradition of generations living together in the face of danger farmers can seek the help of others. village were closed, or a legal organization. the majority of farmers have a long half-life cases in the case law and legal system next. economic and cultural backwardness, the commodity economy developed, so were the legal system and its deeply entrenched. In this patriarchal village community, the farmers of the individual consciousness and the sense of independence and the weak. While in Russia 1906m1907 Stolypin reforms have been implemented , the implementation of land privatization, individual farmers from the village, a family farm, which appeared in the individual farmers. But in the overall collectivization of agriculture began in 1928 until the development of individual farmers, but after two decades. before the October Revolution , 80% m90% self-sufficient farmers or small farmers, the impact of the legal system were still very strong. Russia's working class, the class composition with the peasant class has a natural connection, so its class consciousness and also by the patriarchal concept of mental state effects. After the October Revolution did not immediately change the situation, people in real life and used natural economic nostalgia, no contempt for commercial activities, and in the political life of the popular cult of personality, Executive consciousness, paternalism, and leadership methods. All of this is to some extent, reflects the traditional influence of Russia were the rule of law.
associated with the Russian village of a series of traditional and not disappear because of the October Revolution, they still linger in the Soviet era and becomes the Soviet political, economic and social system, an important factor. one of the many factors that deeply affect the Stalinist system, in which many factors in the Stalinist regime or even just a little to a face-lift to become an important part of this system. < br> advocating violence in Russian history has deeply affected the traditional Stalinist regime. Russia's conquest of history and continue to the palace killings and other violence linked to the coup, so strong and violent exerts a subtle influence on people's thinking, as the most important means to solve the problem, violence is not only to the military struggle, and is commonly used means of political struggle, as the political struggle surrounding the imperial palace in the often violent physical elimination of the opponent, like Stalin, the cruel treatment of political struggle The opponents, many people by his personal eliminated completely, including Bukharin, Zinoviev, Trotsky, the old Bolsheviks. Thus, violence has become an integral part of the Stalinist system, this part also obvious historical inheritance. Stalin, in theory, do not avoid his violent cult. he expanded functions within the dictatorship of the proletariat as ; He Marx Like war, repression agencies, military and other organizations are necessary.
Soviet regime was established, the direction of development of the domestic political system for the formation of Stalin laid the foundation to make this system a matter of course.
The first is the formation of one-party system. Russia is a multi-party system in this country, When the October Revolution there Mensheviks, the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Social Revolutionary Party and other political parties. Soviet power is established, there are left-wing Social Revolutionary Party and other key positions in the entire regime. But with the development of political situation, the Bolshevik party and the there have been conflicts, to be expelled from the Bolshevik regime and the repression of eleven. so that there is only the Bolshevik Soviet Union a party. attendant, in the Soviet regime in which only one party of the Bolsheviks. the Soviet Union formed a single party memory and a party situation, this political situation is very easy to form highly centralized power system.
Soviet Bolshevik Party as the ruling party, the party status of the Soviet Union's political situation has a direct impact. Bolshevik Party from 1903 in the formation of independent political parties, until the February 1917 revolution, has been in a very hostile environment, they faced a brutal bloody tsarist autocracy, was forced to state in the illegal activity. in the situation force, the Party of Lenin put forward different ideas, he thinks should be established with the Second International distinct new political parties, it should be a highly centralized, disciplined, well-organized and good at clandestine activities of the organization of professional revolutionaries. Lenin a series of works, such as Lenin called for democracy within the party, but the original founding revolutionaries are accustomed manner, decided to implement new economic policy eleventh party congress also adopted a resolution against factionalism within the party, make the party more unified. and Stalin as general secretary of the party after the use of these habits is the way to the founding, the use of organizational means to eradicate the opposition one by one, set up their own totalitarian politics.
built in the early Soviet regime and the political situation political trends to the establishment of Stalinist system ripe. internal armed rebellion and international armed intervention to the Soviet regime by military means must be to deal with, surplus grain collection system is this means the concentration of economic performance, this is the means of the main features of the mandatory, mandatory collection surplus, and offenders being punished. Politically, the army of the Executive for the system and lower levels of absolute obedience to superiors are also promoting open, a long system is its embodiment.
serious illness and death of Lenin, the Bolsheviks enjoy the party lost the high prestige of the authority figure, followed by the inevitable power struggle is intensifying. Stalin with his organizational power in the party will be defeated one by one the old Bolsheviks, clear, late 30's in 20 the beginning of the establishment of a person's absolute power, and in the early 30s formed the Stalinist system.
, of course, Stalin's regime is closely related to the formation and personality of Stalin. Stalin irascible, suspicious nature, his respect for power and violence, he in the abnormal firm, resolute, once confirmed any means to achieve the goal. All of these extraordinary character, are formed in the Stalinist regime played a role. Khrushchev this point have a clear understanding of, 1957 8 month, he met with literary and art circles who said: Stalin's mistakes, nature and characteristics
a long time, about the Stalinist system discusses the nature and characteristics discussed in many academic circles. On the nature of Stalin's system there are various claims, but they are less accurate. Basically, Stalin regime is a kinds of political system, therefore, in exploring the nature of it must be from the political field to find.
October Revolution, the Bolsheviks carried out a political revolution, it is to seize power for the first goal. before the revolution, the Bolshevik party in in illegal status, organization and leadership which makes it only in secret, by a few leaders to make decisions, after the implementation of the whole party. After the victory of the revolution, this leadership did not get along with the Bolshevik leadership to change the legal and , and with the Bolsheviks kept one party to obtain the status of this leadership is not only a way to continue leading the party, also became a way of leading the country. In Lenin's time, the leadership of the party and the country or in Lenin led a group of professional revolutionaries, to the Stalin period, the growing concentration of power that led to a very few people even Stalin a person's hands. In this way, Stalin and his decision-making around a few people decided the fate of the party and the country. So, the Stalinist model is the core of political power, social consolidation and strengthening of political power around the construction of highly integrated model.
in the clear the essential characteristics of the Stalinist model, and then examine the system's performance in other areas of society. today's academic used the characteristics of the Stalinist system of .
political characteristics. Stalinist system characteristics determine the nature of its main political features of Stalin's authoritarian regime also has a history of autocratic system of the basic features, namely: authoritarian, mystery, arbitrary. Stalin mode should the authoritarian nature of political life, mystery, random, put them in the confines of the socialist political life. Thus, in a socialist society, from the proliferation of personal worship. centralized leadership, Stalin was Stalin's personal dictatorship. in the Stalin regime, the Soviet Union in fact become a party dictatorship of the proletariat dictatorship, and dictatorship of the party, he is a personal dictatorship of Stalin, the Soviets became in the form Party and government authorities to adopt the resolutions and decrees of the tool, a form of a symbol of democracy. The requirements of the Soviet political system, trade unions and various mass organizations to serve as party leader will mm individual will in fact the Each individual will act as the implementation of such a the right of the right of that country. to the rule of man instead of rule of law, supremacy of power is bound to be talk about the law, although the most democratic laws enacted, but the long-term failure to abide by the will of the prevalence of democratic and legal system was severely damaged; in the appointment of Cadres top-down system of the appointment and tenure of cadres working; although there are a set of monitoring bodies and mechanisms, but they exist in name only, the party and the country's lack of effective exercise of the power system of people's supervision.
economic characteristics. Ownership Only the form of two forms of state-owned and collective, highly uniform; top-down management system highly concentrated sectors, countries and economic activities of enterprises in decision-making, by the state organ in charge of economic concentration control, production targets issued by the state, materials, technology and equipment allocated by the state, the products sold by the state price regulations by the state, enterprises retain profits in addition to some other, on the production, distribution, circulation and so there is no autonomy in decision-making [4]. mandatory one-sided emphasis on the planned economy, the law of value to avoid and neglect, rejection of market mechanisms; manage the economy mainly by administrative means, and political intervention in economic life often struggle; in development strategies, emphasizing the priority development of heavy industry, light industry, especially with people's lives production of consumer goods are placed in a secondary position, making the long-term industrial development, economic characteristics with preparations.
illusory ideological and political features of the first phase of super. in the socialist stage of development or the historical position of the issue, without regard for the development of productive forces and the actual level of economic development, outlined the unrealistic fantasy of the doctrine, one-sided relationship between the change in production, the realization of production from private ownership to public ownership as the completion of socialist transformation standard. This determines his socialist development strategy must be regardless of the social productive forces, the pursuit of subjective changes in the relations of production beyond the objective stages of strategic .1936 In November, Soviet Stalin is in the whole Congress to declare: The first stage or lower stage of the system. is very real. in disregard of the political ideology of socialist revolution and socialist construction major difference between the two periods, exaggerated class struggle and dictatorship of the proletariat's role in peace-building period, the period of socialism proposed the theory of class struggle intensified. < br> Stalinist system performance in specific areas of thought and culture is no academic freedom of thought and diversity of art, an idea only to think, speak with one voice; the monopoly of the means to interfere with violent and high culture and the arts, social sciences and natural science, academic and political issues confuse the boundaries, suppressing academic freedom, in fact, engage in cultural tyranny, suffocating academic thought, resulting in long-term thinking and rigid dogma. In 1938, Stalin's will, the introduction of the Ministry of the theory that became popular textbook mm The basic books and writings of Marx's theory has a huge difference, just from a simple impression will be very easy to see a huge difference on the way. Marx and Engels's book is inspiring exploratory, leaving the reader in thinking sufficient room for thinking, that is Stalinist in style is typical of Stalinist style. In the narrative of history, it is cut in accordance with practical needs to historical materials, the rich and complex process of the socialist movement is described as one or two leaders and groups of enemies, opportunists, criminals hidden spy fighting each other and continue the process of victory, while the majority of the people are looking at the sky, With admiration for the leaders to enjoy the bounty. This book will be simplified by the Marxist theory of the two blocks ( dialectical materialism, historical materialism), a number of principles, categories, rules makes up the closed system. Here, the subjective and objective spirit of unity was gone, the objective laws of the decisive and people's initiative is distinct from its opening to the formation of a kinds of economic determinism and the subjective will of strange and complementary poles add unique ideas. It is the ready-made theoretical tenets instilled in people at the same time, blocking the acceptance of integrating their new knowledge, new ways of thinking, which basically stifle the ability of independent thinking people. In this system, all ideologies and social science are aimed at future leaders of the party and has always proved wise and correct, and even natural science is absurd region is divided into socialist and bourgeois. literature and art, where singing the praises of the great length, in-depth descriptions of people and things, delicate artistic sense was gone, replaced by a uniform unprincipled touted: High! bound, it is necessary to solve the problem of its concentration of power. As the concentration of power, the Soviet state labor people can not properly participate in the national administration, the management of the state and social power are controlled by Stalin, led by the hands of a small group of revolutionaries. They proletarian leaders exercise power on behalf of the proletariat, the proletariat was that they represent can not monitor them, nor can the exercise of power, so they can only pin their hopes on leaders of the wise, on the loyalty and humility. So, leaders humble self, you may view smooth, cynical leaders, they lead to words road congestion, fear for themselves; leaders are wise political Ching Ming, the people happy, once a leader l Hunzhao r, the State will immediately appear chaos. the whole national life is Individual leaders are turning around. Socialist leader instead of the son of the sun in Peru l r reflected in the following aspects: First, it led to the party's cadres and the specialized agencies and bureaucratic, more and more divorced from the masses, and gradually formed its own special interests of a privileged bureaucracy, this class for their own special interests The detrimental to their interests to block reform. serious damage to the party on behalf of the governance and the rule of law approach to the Soviet mere formality, the Soviets completely became a and the annual meeting of the Supreme Soviet became perfunctory appearance in the form of democracy. This is bound to feel deceived people feel, they feel they are the true masters of the country, so more and more alienated with the regime. Also, outstanding long-term political class struggle under high pressure in the KGB, has often been tapped in the (then Central Committee are worried about eavesdropping) and to be a snitch who were cleaning and the threat of repression, the formation of a sense of insecurity and unhealthy psychological The whole social and political atmosphere was very tense, very normal human relations. In particular, just after the Second World War, when people are looking for victory to make the political situation brightened, but Stalin which was then set off the Cosmopolitanism ; age. the masses on the one hand, the verbal praises, on the other hand doubts and dissatisfaction, as sense of insecurity, people remain silent or do not speak the truth on both sides increasingly common attitude.
Second, the Stalinist model of economic system does not meet the economic development law, not making a reasonable allocation of production resources, deformity is difficult to change the economic structure, increasing production efficiency is low, a waste of growing consumption, production enthusiasm of workers falling. In this system, the Soviet economy in the first few five-year plan to get high-speed growth, the growth rate decreased gradually increasing loss of economic vitality and long-term lack of people's lives should be improved, in addition to post-war military technology development, other gap with the West was growing. particularly in agriculture, agricultural collectivization of Stalin to the Soviet Union the overall agricultural production is extremely serious consequences, so that the autonomy of farmers lost production, lost enthusiasm for production, the Soviet Union faced a long grave shortage of food and agricultural situation. in the consumer subject to production under the principle of people's daily needs of the chronic shortage of food and industrial products for daily use, a serious shortage of housing.
again, ideology and culture of despotism and the prevalence of personality cult, leading to poverty and social consciousness and metaphysical dogmatism, the prevalence of the extensive damage potential of social knowledge, creative thinking seriously of academic repression and violence, declining levels of social and political thought.
In short, Stalin system, the fatal flaw is that it stifled the vitality of the community, this vitality is the source of social motivation to continue moving forward, no matter how wise leader, how smart power, are no substitute for this power source. the Soviet Stalinist regime try to implement , to the late 70s early 80s, eventually led to the depletion of social power forward, a century history shows that the model as a model of socialist construction, is unsuccessful. because it's the lack of operational mechanisms and institutional vitality, lack of vitality, with a lot of closed, conservative, can not be self-regulating, restricting the enthusiasm of the masses continues to improve, hindered the sustainable development of social productive forces, so its failure is not accidental. not without any change in the Khrushchev period had been rocked Stalinist system, Brezhnev period evolved into a > [1] br> [3] Chen Hua editor: